Common Linking Words File - Moodle Lernplattform der ZHAW

Linking words
1. Giving examples
for example
used when giving an example of the type of thing you
mean:
Offices can easily become more environmentallyfriendly by, for example, using recycled paper.
zum Beispiel
for instance
for example:
In the electronics industry, for instance, 5000 jobs are
being lost.
zum Beispiel
namely
used when you want to give more detail or be more
exact about something you have just said:
We need to get more teachers into the classrooms
where they're most needed, namely in high poverty
areas.
nämlich, und zwar
2. Sequencing ideas
firstly
used to refer to the first thing in a list:
There are two very good reasons why we can't do it.
Firstly, we don't have enough money, and secondly,
we don't have enough time.
erstens
second
ALSO secondly
used for introducing the second reason, idea, etc:
There are two good reasons why we can't do it. First,
we can't afford it, and second, we don't have time.
zweitens
finally
used especially at the beginning of a sentence to
introduce the last point or idea:
Finally, I'd like to thank everyone for coming this
evening.
zum Schluss
lastly
ALSO last
used to show when something comes after all the
other items in a list:
In accepting this award, I would like to thank the
producer, the director, the scriptwriter and, lastly, the
film crew.
zum Schluss, zuletzt
the following
“The following people have been chosen to go on the
training course: N Peters, C Jones and A Owen.”
die folgenden…
the former
the first of two people, things or groups previously
mentioned:
Of the two suggestions, I prefer the former.
erstere/r
the latter
1 the second of two people, things or groups
previously mentioned:
She offered me more money or a car and I chose the
latter.
letztere/r
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3. Adding information
in addition to
In addition to his flat in London, he has a villa in Italy
and a castle in Scotland.
zusätzlich zu
additionally
Additionally (= also), we request a deposit of $200 in
advance.
zusätzlich
as well (as)
Invite Emlyn - and Simon as well.
I want to visit Andrew as well as Martin.
sowohl… als auch
besides
Do you play any other sports besides football and
basketball?
She won't mind your being late - besides, it's hardly
your fault.
Besides being heartbroken, she felt foolish.
neben
apart from
except for or not considering:
Apart from the salary/Salary apart, it's not a bad job.
What can we do for the incoming refugees apart from
being sympathetic?
abgesehen von
Both… and
Both men and women have complained about the
advertisement.
She can both speak and write Japanese.
sowohl … als auch
not only ... (but) also
used to say that two related things are true or
happened, especially when this is surprising or
shocking:
Not only did he turn up late, he also forgot his books.
If this project fails it will affect not only our department,
but also the whole organization.
nicht nur … sondern
auch
furthermore
FORMAL in addition; more importantly:
I suggest we use Barkers as our main suppliers they're good and furthermore they're cheap.
ausserdem
further
1 more or additional:
Have you anything further to add?
All prisoners were to be freed. Further, several of them
were to receive compensation.
ferner, weiter, im
weiteren
moreover
FORMAL (used to add information) also and more
importantly:
The whole report is badly written. Moreover, it's
inaccurate
ausserdem
also
in addition:
She's a photographer and also writes books.
I'm cold, and I'm also hungry and tired.
auch
too
1 (especially at the end of a sentence) in addition,
also:
I'd like to come too.
INFORMAL "I love chocolate." "Me too."
auch
what's more
used to add something surprising or interesting to
what you have just said:
The decorations were absolutely beautiful and what's
more, the children had made them themselves.
darüber hinaus
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ausserdem, ansonsten
abgesehen von
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4. Expressing concession
but
used to introduce an added statement, usually
something that it different from what you have said
before:
She's very hard-working but not very imaginative.
aber
although
1 despite the fact that:
She walked home by herself, although she knew that it
was dangerous.
He decided to go, although I begged him not to.
2 but:
She'll be coming tonight, although I don't know exactly
when.
obwohl, obgleich
though
1 despite the fact that:
She hasn't phoned, even though she said she would.
2 but:
They're coming next week, though I don't know which
day.
obwohl, obgleich,
allerdings)
even if
whether or not:
Even if you take a taxi, you'll still miss your train.
selbst wenn
yet (
(and) despite that; used to add something that seems
surprising because of what you have just said:
simple yet effective
He's overweight and bald, (and) yet somehow, he's
incredibly attractive.
dennoch, jedoch
despite
without taking any notice of or being influenced by; not
prevented by:
I still enjoyed the week despite the weather.
[+ ing form of verb] He managed to eat a big lunch
despite having eaten an enormous breakfast.
trotz
in spite of
1 in spite of (used before one fact that makes another
fact surprising) despite:
In spite of his injury, Ricardo will play in Saturday's
match.
Kelly loved her husband in spite of the fact that he
drank too much
trotz
however
despite this:
This is one possible solution to the problem. However,
there are others.
There may, however, be other reasons that we don't
know about.
aber, dennoch, indessen
*nevertheless
SLIGHTLY FORMAL *nonetheless
despite what has just been said or referred to:
What you said was true. It was, nevertheless, a little
unkind.
A series of studies suggested that there was a link
between watching violent films and violent behaviour.
Nevertheless, the results remain highly controversial.
nichtsdestotrotz,
gleichwohl
notwithstanding
FORMAL despite the fact or thing mentioned:
Notwithstanding some members' objections, I think we
must go ahead with the plan.
Injuries notwithstanding, he won the semi-final match.
trotz, ungeachtet
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5. Comparing ideas
on the whole
generally:
We have our bad times but on the whole we're fairly
happy.
im grossen und ganzen
as
in the same way:
He got divorced, (just) as his parents had done years
before.
As is often the case with children, Amy was
completely better by the time the doctor arrived.
As I was just saying, I think the proposal needs further
consideration.
wie
as
used in comparisons to refer to the degree of
something:
She'll soon be as tall as her mother.
wie
like
He looks like his brother
wie
not as … as
The Zugspitze is not as tall as Mount Blanc.
nicht so… wie
as if/though
She looked as if she'd had some bad news.
als ob
similarly
Cars must stop at red traffic lights: similarly (= in a
similar way), bicycles should stop too.
gleich, gleichermassen
in comparison to/with
In comparison to other recent video games, this one
isn't very exciting.
He was a loud friendly man. In comparison, his brother
was rather shy.
im Vergleich zu
as much… as
an amount that is equal and not less
I hope you have as much fun as I did.
so viel… wie
more…than
1 a larger or extra number or amount:
More people live in the capital than in the whole of the
rest of the country.
The noise was more than I could bear.
mehr
6. Giving a reason
because
for the reason that:
"Why did you do it?" "Because Carlos told me to".
Just because I'm lending you my dress for tonight
doesn't mean you can borrow it whenever you want to.
weil
because of
as a result of:
The train was delayed because of bad weather.
wegen
as
because:
As it was getting late, I decided to book into a hotel.
You can go first as you're the oldest.
weil, da
since
because; as:
Since we've got a few minutes to wait for the train,
let's have a cup of coffee.
weil
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due to
due to because of:
A lot of her unhappiness is due to boredom.
He said the dramatic rise in the amount of American
currency flowing from the territory back to the US
might be due to the fact that more tourists had come
to Hong Kong.
zurückzuführen auf
owing to
because of:
The concert has been cancelled owing to lack of
support.
We couldn't contact you owing to the fact that
communications were so poor.
wegen, infolge
as a result
because of something:
Pilots are on strike. As a result, all flights have had to
be cancelled
daher, deshalb, folglich
as a result of sth
Profits have declined as a result of the recent drop in
sales.
As a result of the pilots' strike, all flights have had to
be cancelled.
wegen
so
and for that reason; therefore;in order to make
something happen, make something possible etc:
My knee started hurting so I stopped running.
so dass
so …that
used when emphasizing the degree or amount of
something by saying what the result is
He was so weak that he could hardly stand up.
so … dass
such …that
used before a noun or noun phrase to add emphasis:
That's such a good film.
I'd put on such a lot of weight that I couldn't get into
my trousers.
solch….dass
in doing so
We passionately create enthusiastic customers and
build a better future! In doing so, we live our values:
integrity, courage, teamwork and commitment.
auf diese Weise, dabei
therefore
for that reason:
We were unable to get funding and therefore had to
abandon the project.
deshalb
thus
FORMAL with this result:
They planned to reduce staff and thus to cut costs.
somit
hence
FORMAL that is the reason or explanation for;
therefore:
His mother was Italian, hence his name - Luca.
von daher
with the result that
something that happens or exists because of
something that happened before
Sara wasn't at school last week, with the result that
she missed an important test.
mit dem Resultat, dass
consequently
as a result:
I spent most of my money in the first week and
consequently had very little to eat by the end of the
holiday.
folglich, in der Folge
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7. Expressing contrast
while
compared with the fact that; but:
Tom is very extrovert and confident while Katy's shy
and quiet.
während, wohingegen
whereas
compared with the fact that; but:
You eat a massive plate of food for lunch, whereas I
have just a sandwich.
während, wohingegen
on the one hand…
on the other hand
used when you are comparing two different facts or
two opposite ways of thinking about a situation:
On the one hand I'd like a job which pays more, but on
the other hand I enjoy the work I'm doing at the
moment.
einerseits…
andererseits
contrary to
opposite:
Contrary to all our expectations, he's found a well-paid
job and a nice girlfriend.
Contrary to what that person is saying, you can get it
done by mail.
entgegen, im Gegensatz
dazu
on the contrary
used to show that you think or feel the opposite of
what has just been stated:
"Didn't you find the film exciting?" "On the contrary, I
nearly fell asleep half way through it!"
im Gegenteil
in contrast to
used to show an obvious difference between two or
more things:
The stock lost 60 cents a share, in contrast to last
year, when it gained 21 cents.
This is in contrast to what we discussed in the last
meeting.
im Gegensatz zu
conversely
in an opposite way
American consumers prefer white eggs; conversely,
British buyers like brown eggs.
im Gegensatz dazu
8. Expressing condition
if
1 used to say that a particular thing can or will happen
only after something else happens or becomes true:
We'll have the party in the garden if the weather's
good.
If she hadn't called, I wouldn't have known.
wenn
whether or not:
I wouldn't work for them (even) if they paid me twice
my current salary.
Even if you take a taxi, you'll still miss your train.
selbst wenn
whether
(used especially in reporting questions and expressing
doubts) if, or not:
I wasn't sure whether you'd like it.
ob
unless
except if:
You can't get a job unless you've got experience (=
you can only get a job if you have experience).
ausser wenn
even if
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Unless you call me to say you're not coming, I'll see
you at the theatre (= I will see you there if you do not
call to say you are not coming).
provided (that)
ALSO providing (that)); if, or only if:
He's welcome to come along, provided that he
behaves himself.
vorausgesetzt, dass
in case (of)
because of a possibility of something happening,
being needed, etc:
In case of fire, break the glass.
Bring a map in case you get lost.
im Falle, für den Fall,
dass
suppose
ALSO supposing; used at the beginning of a
sentence or clause to mean 'what would happen if':
Suppose we miss the train - what will we do then?
angenommen, dass
otherwise
used after an order or suggestion to show what the
result will be if you do not follow that order or
suggestion:
I'd better write it down, otherwise I'll forget it.
ansonsten
9. Expressing purpose
in order
in order to/in order for/in order that with the aim of
achieving something:
He came home early in order to see the children
before they went to bed.
In order that all citizens can benefit equally from
opportunities offered by the information society,
everybody need internet access.
um zu
so as to
in order to:
I always keep fruit in the fridge so as to keep insects
off it.
um zu
10. Indicating time sequence
initially
at the beginning:
Initially, most people approved of the new scheme.
anfänglich
then
next or after that:
Let me finish this job, then we'll go.
dann, als nächstes
next
1 immediately after:
First, fry the garlic. Next, add the ginger.
dann, als nächstes
subsequently
In 1982 he was arrested and subsequently convicted
on drug trafficking charges.
in der Folge,
anschliessend
eventually
in the end, especially after a long time or a lot of effort,
problems, etc:
Although she had been ill for a long time, it still came
as a shock when she eventually died.
It might take him ages but he'll do it eventually.
schlussendlich
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finally
used especially at the beginning of a sentence to
introduce the last point or idea:
Finally, I'd like to thank everyone for coming this
evening.
zum Schluss
at (long) last
I've finished my essay at last!
endlich)
before
at or during a time earlier than (the thing mentioned):
You should always wash your hands before meals.
He said he had never seen her before.
Before we make a decision, does anyone want to say
anything else?
vor, bevor, vorher)
after
at a time which is later than another event:
Shall we go for a walk after breakfast?
nach, nachdem,
nachher)
abschliessend)
Three months after they moved out, the house was
still empty.
till
up to (the time that); until:
We waited till half past six for you.
Up till 1918, women in Britain were not allowed to
vote.
How long is it till your baby is due?
bis
as soon as
at the same time or a very short time after:
As soon as I saw her, I knew there was something
wrong.
sobald)
as
while; during the time that:
I saw him as I was coming into the building.
He gets more attractive as he gets older
als, während
once
as soon as, or from the moment when:
Once I've found somewhere to live I'll send you my
address.
Remember that you won't be able to cancel the
contract once you've signed.
sobald
while (conj.)
during the time that, or at the same time as:
I read it while you were drying your hair.
While I was in Italy I went to see Alessandro.
während
during (prep.)
from the beginning to the end of a particular period;
throughout:
They work during the night and sleep by day.
How was music during that time period affected
because of the war?"
während
no sooner ... than
used to show that one thing happens immediately
after another thing:
No sooner had I started mowing the lawn than it
started raining.
kaum…als
Hardly… when /
before
She had hardly sat down when the phone rang.
Hardly had a moment passed before the door creaked
open
kaum…(als, bevor)
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