Uttaradhunikta Dr. Karamjit Singh

AuWqrafDuinkqf qy lokDfrf
zf[ krmjIq isMG
AuWqrafDuinkqf qy AuWqrafDuinqfvfd bfry ieMny vwK vwK ivcfr afey hn ik ienHF sLbdF dy
sMklpF nUM smJxf iek tyZI KIr bx igaf hY. zyivz lIan kihMdf hY ik, “mYN iesnUM (AuWqrafDuinkqf
nUM) iek sMklp smJdf hF ijhVf smkflI smfjF dI pRikRqI aqy idsLf bfry ivsLvI sMdrB ivc bihs
ivc ihwsydfrI krn leI swdf idMdf hY. (1) ienHF bihsF ny hI asl ivc DuMDlky nUM hor vDfieaf hY.
ienHF bihsF nUM tYrI eIgltn aqy PrYzirk jymsn ny sB qoN cMgI qrHF smiJaf hY ikAuNik AunHF dy
ivcfrDfrk sMd bVy qyjL hn.
tYrI eIgltn anusfr sLbd AuWqrafDuinkqfvfd smkflI siBafcfr dy rUp vl iesLfrf krdf
hY jd ik AuWqrfDuinkqf iek ivsLysL ieiqhfsk kfl nUM drsfAuNdf hY. AuWqrafDuinkqfvfd bfry
PrYzirk jymsn dI pusqk df nF hI “post mfzrinjLm afr dI klcrl lOijk afPL lyt
kYpitiljLm” hY. tYrI eIgltn ny ies smyN nUM smkflI kYpIitiljLm df nF idwqf hY. keIaF ny ies smyN
nUM ivkisq pUMjIvfd vI ikhf hY. AuWqrafDuinkqf socx df iek ZMg hY jo prMprf qoN cly af rhy swc,
qrk, pCfx aqy bhumuKqf dy sMklpF nUM sLwk dy Gyry ivc ilafAuNdf hY. ieh bRihmMzI ivkfs, mukqI,
iekihry sFicaF, ibrqFqF aqy aMiqm ivafiKaf sfhvyN pRsLn icMHn lfAuNdf hY. igafn dy ienHF pRiqmfnF
dy ivroD ivc ieh ivsLv nUM aksmfq, inrfDfr, bhuBFqI, asiQr, ainsicq, ibKry siBafcfrF dy
joV vjoN vyKdf hY jo swc dI bfhrmuwKqf, ieiqhfs, pRiqmfnF, pRikrqIaF dI insicqqf aqy pCfxF dI
iekjuwtqf bfry sLMky KVy krdf hY. ivdvfnF df ivcfr hY ik XQfrQ nUM ies qrHF dyKx dy ipwCy pdfrQk
hflqF hn. pwCm ivc pUMjIvfd dy nvyN rUp kfrx ieh hflqF pYdf hoeIaF hn. iCxBMgurqf,
ivkyNidRqqf, qknIkI sMsfr, AupBogqfvfd, aqy siBafcfrk Auqpfdn dy kfrKfinaF kfrx ieh siQqI
pYdf hoeI hY ijs ivc srivs, PfeInFs aqy jfxkfrI dy kfrKfinaF ny prpMrfgq Auqpfdn Aupr ijwq
pRfpq kIqI hY. klfsIkl iksm dI vrg rfjnIqI ny ‘pCfx dI rfjnIqI’ leI rfh Cwz idwqf hY.
AuWqrafDuinkqfvfd siBafcfr df aijhf ZMg qrIkf hY jo Xuwg pirvrqn nUM sqhI, ivkyNidRq, nINh qoN
bgYr, srbgRfhI klf (jo AucyrI klf aqy pfpUlr siBafcfr aqy rojLfnf anuBv dI ryKf nUM mwDm
krdI hY), nUM agFh ilafAuNdf hY. (2) tyrI iegltn dy ieh ivcfr iek pfsy pUMjIvfd dy afDuink aqy
AuWqrafDuink simaF nUM spwsLt krdy hn qF dUjy pfsy ienHF do simaF dy siBafcfrk pirvrqnF aqy
ienHF dy lwCxF df sMKyp vyrvf vI idMdy hn.
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AuWqrafDinkqfvfd sMbMDI PrYzirk jymsn dy ivcfr hor vI spwsLt hn. Aus anusfr
afDuinkqfvfd aqy AuWqrafDinkqfvfd donoN siBafcfrk bxqrF hn ijnHF df sMbMD pUMjIvfd dy iksy
iek pVfa nflL hY. jymsn pUMjIvfd dy iqMn pVfvF df ijLkr krdf hY. ienHF iqMnF pVfvF df
siBafcfrk pRgtf vI vwKrf vwKrf hY. ies ivc ieh vI sLfiml hY ik ies pVfa qy ikho ijhI klf aqy
sfihq pYdf huMdf hY. pihlf pVfa bfjLfr pUMjIvfd df hY jo pwCmI Xurp, ieMglYNz aqy amrIkf(aqy
ienHF dy pRBfv KyqrF ivc) 18vIN sdI qoN lY ky 19vIN sdI dy aKIr qk cldf hY. ies pVfa nflL kuJ
Kfs qknIkI KojF vI juVIaF hoeIaF hn, ijvyN BfP nflL clx vflLI motr. ies pVfa df Kfs
suhjsLfsqr hY ijsnUM XqrQvfdI suhjsLfsqr ikhf igaf hY. dUjf pVfa 19vIN sdI dy aKIr qoN lY ky
20vIN sdI dy awD qk afAuNdf hY. ieh ajfryvfdI pUMjIvfdI pVfa hY. ies pVfa qy ibjlI qy kMbscn
motr dI kfZ huMdI hY. ies kfl dy suhjsLfsqr nUM afDuinkqf dy suhjsLfsqr df nF idwqf jFdf hY. qIjy
pVfa Aupr asIN hux hF. ieh pVfa mltInYsLnl pUMjIvfd df pVfa hY. jo vsqF vycx aqy vsqU
AupBogqf Aupr jLor idMdf hY, vsqF pYdf krn Aupr AunF nhIN. ies pVfa dI qknIk ielYktROnkI hY.
aqy iesdf siBafcfrk pRgtf AuqrafDuinkqfvfd ivc huMdf hY. kuJ ivdvfnF ny AuWqrafDuinkqf nUM
spwsLt krn leI afDuinkqf dy nflL hI pUrv afDuinkqf nUM vI ivcfr aDIn ilaFdf hY.
ijQoN qk AuWqrafDuinkqfvfdIaF df sMbMD hY AunHF ny ajokI siQqI dI QF ies ivcoN pYdf hoey
siBafcfr/ivcfr Aupr afpxy afp nUM vDyry kyNidRq kIqf hY. ilAuqfrd ny ies nUM ‘igafn dI siQqI’
ikhf hY. Ausdy afpxy kihx anusfr, “sB qoN ivkisq smfjF ivc ‘igafn dI siQqI’ mYN ies siQqI
nUM ibafn krn leI AuWqrafDuink sLbd df pRXog kIqf hY.” (3) ilAuqfrd ny AuWqrafDuinkqf nUM
afDuinkqf df ihwsf mMinaF hY. “ibnF sLwk ieh afDuink df ihwsf hY……smiJaf jFdf hY ik
AuWqrafDuinkqfvfd aMqm qOr qy afDuinkqfvfd nhIN hY sgoN pYdf hoeI siQqI hY jo ivkfssLIl
lgfqfrqf dI siQqI hI hY.”(4) iewQy ilAuqfrd smkflI siQqI qoN ielfvf iksy hor BivwKI siQqI dI
klpnf hI nhIN krdf qy nF hI afDuinkqf qy AuWqrafDuinqf dy ivroDF nUM hI sfhmxy rwKdf hY. aiswDy
ZMg nflL Auh AuWqrpUMjIvfd dy hwk ivc Bugqdf hY. prMqU ies nUM bdlx leI iek vwKrI rfjnIqI dI
jLrUrq hovygI ijsdf ijLkr ilAuqfrd dI pusqk dy muwKbMD ivc jymsn ny hI kIqf hY. Aus anusfr,
“iejfrydfrI aqy inwjI pUMjIvfdI isstm nUM tYknokryt aYlIt ny nhIN vMgfrnf sgoN aslI (amlI)
rfjnIqk aYksLn ny hI iesnUM vMgfr pfAuxI hY, pRIqk jF protopOlItIkl aYksLn ny nhIN.”(5)
hsn ny afpxI pusqk df klcr afP postmfzrinjLm ivc AuWqrafDuink siBafcfr dI
qulnf afDuink siBafcfr dy lwCxF nflL, iek lMbI sfrxI rfhIN kIqf hY. Aus anusfr afDuink
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siBafcfr dy lwCxx hn-rumFsvfd/pRqIkvfd, mMqv, izjLeIn, hYrfrkI, klfvsqU dI sMpUrxqf,
isrjxf, sMslysLx, hoNd, kyNdr, rUpfkfr, arQivigafn, pYrfrzfeIm, rUpk zUMGfeI, ivafiKaf,
ichnq, ibrqFq, mhfn ieiqhfs qy mfstr koz afid. ies dy mukfbly qy AuWqrafDuinkqfvfd dy lwCx
hn-dfdfvfd, Kyz, acfnkqf, arfjkqf, pRfsYs/pRPfrmYNs, sLmUlIaq, ivKMzn, sLbd azMbr,
iekfilkqf, sqhI ivafiKaf, isgnIPfier, ibrqFq ivroD, ivaMg, asiQrqf afid. ieAuN
AuWqrafDuinkqfvfd qy AuWqraDuinkqfvfdI siBafcfr, afDuinkqf qy afDuinkqfvfdI siBafcfr dy
ivroD ivc af KVdf hY. ieh ivroD donF dy afps ivc inrMqrqf ivc bwJy hox dy bfvjUd sMBv hY.
asl ivc muWZly jF bfjLfrI pUMjIvfd nUM BfeIcfry, suqMqrqf afid kdrF kImqF dI loV sI.
AuWqrpUMjIvfdI Xuwg ivc XfnI hux ieh kdrF kImqF AusdI loV ivc sLfiml nhIN hn. Asu leI hux
isrP arfjk suqMqrqf hI ieko iek kImq rihMdI hY jo dUsry lwCxF ivc vI pRgt huMdI hY.
ainsicqqf iesy arfjkqf df iswtf hY.
AuWqrafDuinkqf df pRgtfvf ivsLvIkrx dy sMklp ivc pUry kwd-bwuq sihq hfjLr huMdf hY.
ivsLvIkrn afriQk, smfijk, qknIkI, rfjnIiqk aqy swiBafcfrk bxqrF aqy pYdfvfr dI cirwqr
bdlI kfrn pYdf ho rhIaF pRikirafvF df smuwc hY. aMqrrfsLtrI rfjnIiqkqf df afDfr AupBogqf qy
vsqF df vpfr hY jo ik afriQk qy rfjnIiqk pirvrqnF nUM zUMGI qrHF pRBfivq krdf hY. pirvrqn
pfr-rfsLtrI qy bhurfsLtrI gqIsLIlqf vflLy hn, ijnHF ny vfqfvrx, vpfr aqy aMqrrfsLtrI kfnUMnF
nUM vI pRBfivq kIqf hY. ivsLvikrn df pRBfv kI hY? iesdy iswty kI inkly hn? zybI bfrkr qy jyrI
mYnzyr ny afpxI sMpfidq pusqk ‘zjL globlfeIjysLn hYlp df pUar: ey spYsLl irport’ ivc
ivsLvIkrn dy iqMn dhfikaF dy qIbr ivkfs Aupr iDafn kNyidRq kIqf igaf hY. irport ies iswty
AuWpr phuMcdI hY ik grIb lokF leI ivsLvIkrn dI aslIaq Aus dy Ault hY ijs df dfavf
ivsLvIkrn dy Tykydfr krdy hn. asl ivc ivsLvIkrn dIaF pflsIaF ny dysLF ivckfr aqy dysLF dy
aMdr asmfnqf df pfVf vwzf krn ivc, BuwKmrI vDfAux ivc aqy kfrporytF nUM pwky pYrIN krn ivc
ihwsf pfieaf hY. dUjy pfsy ies ny smfijk syvfvF GtfAux ivc (kfrporytF dy Ault) lybr dI qfkq
GtfAux ivc pUrf Xogdfn idwqf hY.
ilAuqfrd qy dUsry AuqrafDuinkqfvfdIaF ny ibrqFqf dy sMkt AuWpr bfr bfr crcf kIqI hY.
ilAqfrd anusfr, “I define postmodern a incedulity towards maga narrative”(6)
mhFibrqFqf dI QF qy toty toty ibrqFqF aqy sLbdfvlI dI Kyz nUM QF idwqI jFdI hY. AuWqrafDuinkqfvfd
sfihq, ivcfrDfrk jF iksy vI hor qrHF dI smuwcqf df ivroDI hY. ilAuqfrd dy hyT ilKY sLbdF nUM
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AuqrafDuinkqf df ‘nfhrf’ ikhf jF skdf hY. “afE smuwcqf dy iKlfP jMg ivwZIey. afAu asIN Aus dI
pRqIinwDqf krIey jo pysL nhIN ho sikaf. afE aMqrF (PLrkF) nUM iqwKf krIey aqy AuWqrafDuinkqf dI
iewjLq bcfeIey.”(7) zUMGfeI ivc jf ky dyKIey qF AuWqrafDuinkqf toitaF ivc PVy XQfrQ nUM pihl
idMdI hY pr ajoky XUwg jF XQfrQ df mhF ibrqFq vI ho skdf hY ies qwQ nUM awKoN Auhly krdI hY, jd
ik smkflI XQfrQ dy sMktF vrgy simaF ivc hI mhFibrqFqf dI isrjxf huMdI hY. ajoky sMktF qo
pfr jfx leI mhFibrqFqf dI isrjxf hoxI lfjLmI hY. jo lyKk aijhf nhIN socdf Auh asl ivc
AuqrpUMjIvfdI ivvsQf dy sdIvI hox dI kfmnf hI krdf hY jo kdy vI pUrI hoxI sMBv nhIN.
jdoN AuqrafDuinkqfvfd PLrk vDfAux dI gwl kr irhf huMdf hY qF Auh bhulqfvfd dI
ihmfieq vI kr irhf huMdf hY. pr siBafcfr df aiq-bhulqfvfd afKr nUM CotIafN qo CotIafN
siBafcfrk iekfeIaF df mslf KVfH krky aiqvfdI lIhF qy jf pYNdf hY. ies ivcoN hI ipwClKorI,
sMpRdfiek qy kwtVpMQI aMdoln af hfjLr huMdy hn. BfrqI sMdrB ivc sMpRdfiekqf qy PLfisst iksm
dIaF qfkqF df AuBfr iesy dI iek imsfl hY. jdoN ieh ikhf jFdf hY ik AuWqrafDuinkqfvfdIbhulqfvfdI ivcfr hfsLIafgq lokF dI rfjnIqI df ihwsf hn jF Auh ienHF lokF nUM squMqr hox vwl lY
jFdy hn qF ieh pUrI qrHF nf mMnxXog qrk hY ikAuNik hfsLIafgq lokF dI qfkq AuWqrafDuinkqf dI
arfjkqf ivcoN nhIN sgoN iesdy ivroD vjoN afAuNdI hY. iesy ivroD ny nvIaF sMgiTq sLkqIaF nUM jnm
dyxf hY qy ieAuN AuWqrafDuink siQqIaF df Kfqmf hoxf vI sMBv hovygf.
ieiqhfs dy aMq dy aYlfn nUM ienHF arQF ivc vriqaf jFdf hY ik “ieiqhfs vwzIaF smfijk
qbdIlIaF df ivkfs inrDfrq krn vflLy ivcfr df Kfqmf” krdf hY, ieh vI pUrf swc nhIN huMdf
aijhf aYlfn krn smyN AuWqrafDuinkqfvfdIaF sfhmxy sovIaq XunIan dy twutx dI KusLI qy amrIkf
dI srdfrI ivc pYdf hoey nvsfmrfjvfd dy pwkf hox dI kfmnf hY. nv sfmrfjvfd aijhy isDFq dI
muV AusfrI kdy vI nhIN cfhygf jo iesdf aYNtIQIss bxy ikAuNik Auh qF nvsfmrfjvfd df kdy vI aMq
nhIN cfhygf.
Aupr idwqy gey AuWqrfDuinkqfvfd dy dUsry lwCxF Aupr vI ivsqfr sihq crcf kIqI jf
skdI hY aqy AuWqafDuink siQqI nUM qy ies qoN pYdf hoey siBafcfr nUM hor zUMGfeI ivc smiJaf jf
skdf hY prMqU sfzy leI ajokI siQqI ivc lokDfrf klf qy sfihq dI siQqI nUM smJx leI Auprokq
ivcfr hI kfPLI hn.
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keI pMjfbI ivdvfn sfihq/loksfihq nUM smJx leI AuWqrafDuinkqf dy lwCxF nUM iek ivDI
vFg vrqdy hn prMqU aijhf hoxf mUlLoN hI sMBv nhIN. BfsLf ivigafnk ivDIaF vI rcnf nUM smuwcqf
ivc dyKx dIaF afdI hn ies leI ieh vI AuWqrafDuinkqfvfd nUM vfrf nhIN KFdIaF. vYsy vI ienHF
ivDIaf ny jo vI hF pwKI jF nFh pwKI pRBfv pfAuxf sI Auh pf cuwkIaF hn. iewQy asIN iesdy sB qoN vwD
mfrU pRBfv df hI ijLrr krnf cfhFgy. lyvI sqRfs dy sMrcnfvfd, rolF bfrQ dy ichn sLfsqr, mfeIkl
PUko dy AuWqrsMrcnfvfd aqy jYks dfrIdf df ivKMznvfd sfry dy sfry PrYzrirk jymsn anusfr
sfsUr dy BfsLfeI iekflkI pYrfzfeIm dy aDIn afAuNdy hn. “BfsLfeI mfzl BfsLf qy igafn nUM sQfnk
pirvrqnF nfloN qoV lYNdf hY. ieh qoV ivCoVf asl ivc smfijk anuBvF nfloN huMdf hY. ieh bVI burI
qrHF mfnvqf dy BUqkflI aqy BivwK nflL sMbMDF nUM qihs nihs kr idMdf hY.”(8) iesy sMDrB ivc
ikhf jf skdf hY ik lokDfrf dI siQqI nUM smJx leI AuWqrafDuinkqf dI siQqI shfeI qF ho skdI
hY prMqU AuWqrafDuinkqfvfd nUM ivDI vFg vrq ky ies nUM nhIN smiJaf jf skdf.
AuWqrafDuinkqfvfdI icMqn, qrk pwQqI nUM iqafg ky aqy bhulqfvfdI icMqn nUM apnfAux
krky qrkhIx siBafcfrk vyrivaF nUM vI surwiKaf pRdfn krdf hY. iesy leI jfdU-tUxy aqy lokDfrf
ivc peIaF nFh pwKI privrqIaF nUM vI ajokI siQqI ivc bl imilaf hY, pMjfbI sMDrB ivc tUxy
tfmx jfnx vflLy aqy Dfrimk mUlvfdI zyry jfq-pfq qy keI hor alfmqF smyq) dubfrf AuBfr ivc
af rhy hn. ipCly idnF ivc sMpRdfiek kyNdrI srkfr dI srpRsqI kfrx vI aijhf kuJ bVI qyjLI
nflL vfpiraf hY.
lokDfrf dy aMqrgq sfmUihkqf aqy BfeIcfry df pRdrsLn krdy myly idn-iqAuhfr sfry
PfeInYNs pUMjI dI igrPLq ivc af rhy hn. lok sfihq vI pUrI qrHF kmrsLIal hox vl vD irhf hY.
lokgIqF nUM pfpUlr pwDr qy ilaf ky AunHF df ibgVI iksm df pRdrsLn tI[vI[ klcr df ihwsf bx
igaf hY. gIq kyvl qy kyvl nfc gIqF jF bIt sFgjL dy rUp ivc vwt cuwky hn ijnHF ny sMjIdf gIqF qy
lokgIqF nUM hfsLIey qy jf Dikwaf hY. lok kQfvF, lok muhfviraF lok nftkF (puqlI nftk smyq) nUM
iesy AupBogqfvfdI vsqU ivc vtfieaf jf irhf hY jF AupBogqfvfdI siBafcfr nUM AuqsLfhq krn leI
sfDn vjoN vriqaf jf irhf hY.
lokDfrf dI vrqoN iesLiqhfrbfjLI leI vwzIaF vwzIaF kMpnIaf afpxy brFzF nUM lok mfniskqf
df ihwsf bxfAux leI vrq rhIaF hn. lokDfrf dy siBafcfrk mhwqv nUM ipCFh suwt idwqf igaf hY.
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lok-nfcF ny tI[vI[ AupBogqfrvfdI siBafcfr ivc keI rUp vtfey hn. gIq gfiek dy ipCokV ivc
kdI ieh nfc BMgVy dy rUp ivc kdy kuVI/kuVIaF dI awDnMgI pysLkfrI ivc ienHF ny pOp gfiekI dI koJI
nkl ivc nvIaF invfxF CuhIaF hn. ipCokV dy aYksLn sYksI qy nMgyjL Bry huMdy hn ijnHF ny nvIN pIVHI
dI mfniskqf df ihwsf bxnf arMB kr idwqf hY. ienHF gIqF/lokgIqF dI klfqimkqf, koirEgRfPI,
klpnf dI Auzfx afid AupBogqf dy mnsLy hyT db ky rih jFdI hY. ikqy ikqy iesdf ivroDI pwK vI
sfhmxy af irhf hY pr ajy qk ieh ivkoilqrf hI hY. vpfrIkrx dI pRivrqI kfrx lok-klfvF,
PulkfrI afid hux lok suhj dI vsqU nF rih ky vycx qy PysLn dI vsqU vDyry bx geI hY. lok klfvF
nUM pRcilq krn dy nF qy ijhVy vI myly lwgdy hn AunHF AuWqy vpfrIkrx dI iesLiqhfrbfjLI BfrU ho rhI
hY. kmrsILal afrt hux slybsF df ihwsf bx cuwkf hY.
smuwcy qOr qy ikhf jf skdf hY ik AuWqrafDuinkqf dI siQqI ivsLvIkrx dI siQqI hY ijs
ivc ienPrmysLn tYknOlojI, mltInYsLnl kMpnIaF dI syvf ivc lwgI hoeI hY aqy ies qrHF klfsfihq-loksfihq smyq hr isrjxf AupBogqf dI vsqU bx rhI hY. loV hY AunHF ivkoilqry qy
asMgiTq XqnF nUM iekmuwT qy sMgiTq krn dI jo AuWqrafDuinkqfvfdI pRivrqIaF dy ivroD ivc KVdy
hn qF ik ajokI siQqI ivc pirvrqn ilaf ky lokDfrf nUM AupBogqf dI vsqU bxfAux dI QF mfnvqf
dI AusfrI ivc lfieaf jf sky.
hvfly qy itwpxIaF
1.David Lyon, Postmodernity (Edition 2nd), Page-108.
2. Terry Eagleton, The Illusion of Postmodernism, P-vii.
3.Jean Fracois Lytord, The Postmodern Condition: A Report On Knowledge,
P- xxiii.
4.AuhI, pMnf-79[
5[-- , pMnf-20[
6[-- , pMnf-xxiv.
7. -- , pMnf-82[
8. William McPhero, (ieMtrnYt qoN)
(zI(zI-46, kYNps, kurUksLyqr XunIvristI,
IvristI, kurUksLyqr)
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