alma m. deutsche oper maxi#singles medeas

7BC7C$
Hi“X`kdc?d]VccV@VeiZ^c
Hd#*#&&#'%%+!&*#%%$'&#&*J]g!LZg`hiVii
VchX]a^Z›ZcY6jidgZc\Zheg~X]
6b )# jcY *# CdkZbWZg '%%+ ZglVgiZc H^Z hZX]h
hoZc^hX]ZAZhjc\ZccZjZg9gVbVi^`#L^ghiZaaZc>]"
cZc cdX] c^X]i Vj[\Z[“]giZ I]ZViZgiZmiZ kdg0 b^i
6jhcV]bZ kdc @Vi]Vg^cV HX]b^Yih Hi“X` B6M>"
H>C<A:H# ;“g h^Z ^hi Y^Z 6jhZ^cVcYZghZiojc\ b^i
YZb IZmi cdX] c^X]i oj :cYZ! Vahd ^hi h^Z ^c YZg
LZg`hiVii YVWZ^# :^c^\Z YZg Hi“X`Z lZgYZc ^c YZc
`dbbZcYZcHe^ZaoZ^iZcVbI]ZViZgJabVj[\Z[“]gi
lZgYZc#
9Zb AZhZldX]ZcZcYZ \Z]i Z^cZ Z^clŽX]^\Z 6jid"
gZclZg`hiVii kdgVjh/ 6jidgZc! YVh HX]Vjhe^ZaZc"
hZbWaZ! HX]Vjhe^ZahijYZciZc YZg VY`"jab! GZ"
\^hhZjgZ jcY 9gVbVijg\^ZhijYZciZc YZg 6j\jhi"
:kZgY^c\"6`VYZb^Z hdl^Z YZg AjYl^\"BVm^b^a^Vc"
Jc^kZgh^i~iB“cX]Zc!lZgYZch^X]b^iYZcHi“X`Zc
WZhX]~[i^\Zc# 9^Z 7ZiZ^a^\iZc VgWZ^iZc XV# ( W^h *
IV\ZVcZ^cZbHi“X`#H^ZY^h`ji^ZgZc;^\jgZc!6j["
WVj YZg Hi“X`Z jcY bŽ\a^X]Z 6j[[“]gjc\h`dcoZe"
iZ#
9Zc 6WhX]aj› YZg LZg`hiVii W^aYZc Y^Z hoZc^hX]Zc
AZhjc\Zc kdg EjWa^`jb! 7Zg^X]iZ “WZg Y^Z LZg`"
hiViiVgWZ^i jcY EjWa^`jbh\Zheg~X]Z# 7Z[gV\Zc H^Z
Y^Z 6jidgZc oj ^]gZc Hi“X`Zc! aZgcZc H^Z I]ZViZg"
iZmiZkdcbdg\Zc`ZccZcjcYgZYZcH^Zb^ijchYVg"
“WZg#6j[jchZgZbojh~ioa^X]Z^c\Zg^X]iZiZcLZWad\
Zg]VaiZc H^Z cdX] bZ]g <ZYVc`Zc[jiiZg/ =^Zg ~j"
›Zgc h^X] 6jidgZc! GZ\^hhZjgZ jcY 9gVbVijg\Zc
`g^i^hX] dYZg `dchigj`i^k! \Zc^Va^hX]! YZiZ`i^k^hX]
dYZg Z^c[VX] `gZVi^k kdg! l~]gZcY jcY cVX] YZb
Egd_Z`i“WZgYVhLdX]ZcZcYZ!Y^ZHi“X`Z!Y^ZHiVYi#
JcY YVh 7ZhiZ/ H^Z `ŽccZc ]^Zg cVX] =ZgoZchajhi
`dbbZci^ZgZcjcYb^iY^h`ji^ZgZc#
>cYZgED9>JB#WVg\^WiZhol^hX]ZcYZcAZhjc\Zc
Y^ZBŽ\a^X]`Z^iojZhhZcjcYojig^c`Zc#9^Z7ZiZ^"
a^\iZcYZgLZg`hiViih^cYVjX]YVjcY\ZheVcciVj[
>]gZ GZV`i^dcZc# ?ZYZg 6WZcY ZcYZi cVi“ga^X] b^i
Z^cZgEVgin!ojYZgH^Z]Zgoa^X]Z^c\ZaVYZch^cY#
LZWad\/lll#cZjZYgVbVi^`jab#YZ
=dbZeV\Z/lll#i]ZViZg#jab#YZ
;“gY^ZcZjZ9G6B6i^`W^ZiZcl^g>]cZck^ZgkZghX]^ZYZ"
cZ @dbW^i^X`Zih oj - :JG * :JG Zgb~›^\i Vc# 9V[“g
`ŽccZc H^Z Vb _ZlZ^a^\Zc IV\ YgZ^ AZhjc\Zc WZhjX]Zc#
CZWZcYZbEdY^jbWZhe^ZaZcl^gY^ZI]ZViZg"LZg`hi~i"
iZc!Y^ZH^ZVjX]“WZgYVhEdY^jbZggZ^X]Zc`ŽccZc#
IWcijW]"*$''$(&&,
@dbW^&
:;KJI9>;EF;H
EdY^jb!&*Ä&,J]g
@dbW^'
C7N?#I?D=B;I
C;:;7II9>7JJ;D
LZg`hiVii!&,#(%Ä&.J]g
EdY^jb!&,#(%Ä&.J]g
I;F7H7J?IJ;D
EdY^jb!&.#(%Ä'&J]g
7DJED?KI<;K;H
LZg`hiVii!&.#(%Ä'&J]g
?Y^mhÉ][hdieZ”ddm_[Z_[uj^_ef_[h"
WX[he^d[Z_[<b_[][dkdZZ[dJeZ
?d]VccV @VeiZ^c l^YbZi h^X] \Vco YZb Jc`dckZci^dcZaaZc# H^Z
Zcio^Z]i h^X] YZg ]Zg`Žbba^X]Zc 9gVbVijg\^Z jcY gZ^]i Ä Z^cZg
GZkjZ\aZ^X]ÄHoZcZVcHoZcZ!Z^cZhX]g^aaZgjcYVWhjgYZgVahY^Z
VcYZgZ#HdZcil^g[ih^ZZ^cZhX]^aaZgcYZIV[ilZai!^cYZgYVhJcZg"
lVgiZiZY^Z=VjeigdaaZhe^Zai#
6abV B#! 6jidg^c ]dX]gdbVci^hX]Zg jcY h^cca^X]Zg A^ZWZhgdbV"
cZ! ]Vi Z^cZ HX]V[[Zch`g^hZ# >]gZ =ZaY^c! Y^Z kdb AZWZc kZglŽ]c"
iZ9Z^YgZkVc7gjmZaaZhb^iYZblZ^oZcWadcYZc=VVg!jblZ]ihZ^i
cZjZhiZb Z^c aZ^X]i hj^o^YVaZg IdjX]# 9Z^YgZ kZg“Wi Z^cZc HZaWhi"
bdgYkZghjX]cVX]YZbVcYZgZcjcYkZglZ^\ZgihdZ^c=Veen":cY#
6abV kZgolZ^[Zai/ >]gZ <ZhX]^X]iZ ^hi ^]g Vjh YZb GjYZg \ZaVj[Zc
jcYYZgAZ`idgh^ioi^]g^bCVX`Zc#
EaŽioa^X]WZig^iiZ^cbnhiZg^ŽhZg=ZggY^Z7^aYÓ~X]ZjcYkZgheg^X]i
^]g Y^Z AŽhjc\ YZh EgdWaZbh# Kdc YV Vc c^bbi VaaZh Z^cZc bZ]g
VahhdcYZgWVgZcKZgaVj[/9Z^YgZig^[[iVj[YZckdcYZcIdiZcVj[Zg"
hiVcYZcZcAZc^c!bj›h^X]kdcBjiiZgCVijgl“hiWZhX]^be[ZcaVh"
hZcjcYÒcYZi=ZgWZg\ZWZ^YZc7^g`Zc`^cYZgc#?jc`^ZhY^h`ji^ZgZc
“WZg:Y^i]E^V[jcYYZc9gZ^›^\_~]g^\Zc@g^Z\!aZgcZcZ^cZcAZ]gZg
^c ;gVjZc`aZ^YZgc `ZccZc jcY dWZcYgZ^c \^Wi Z^c ]dbdZgdi^hX]Zg
HdaYViZcX]dgZ^cZ[Zio^\ZH]dlZ^caV\Zojb7ZhiZc###
@e^WddWAWfj[_d
&.,)=VbWjg\#HijY^ZgiZ'%%'Ä'%%+
HoZc^hX]ZhHX]gZ^WZcVcYZgJc^kZgh^i~iYZg
@“chiZ!7Zga^c#'%%+<Zl^ccZg^cYZh
Hi“X`ZegZ^hZhYZgHX]VjW“]cZ7Zga^cb^i9>:
<:H8=>8=I:KDCHI#B6<96#'%%+:^caVYjc\
ojg>ciZgcVi^dcVaGZh^YZcXnVbGdnVa8djgi
I]ZVigZ^cAdcYdcjcYojYZcLZg`hiViiV\Zc
VbL^ZcZg7jg\i]ZViZg#EgdYj`i^dckdc
=Žghe^ZagZ^]ZcjcYKZgŽ[[Zcia^X]jc\Y^kZghZg
@jgo\ZhX]^X]iZc^c6ci]dad\^Zc#
:;KJI9>;EF;H
Hi“X`^colZ^6`iZckdcBVgXjh7gVjc
HV#)#&&#'%%+!&*#%%$'&#&*J]g!EdY^jb
VchX]a^Z›ZcY6jidgZc\Zheg~X]
D_[cWdZaWddZWi_dd[h[:[kjiY^bWdZl[hbWii[d$
9VhDW_Z`iYZg7Z\^ZgYZ/Y^Z6chiVaiH^aWZgiVccZ#;“gY^ZZ^cZck^Za"
kZghegZX]ZcYZ@Ve^iVaVcaV\Z![“gY^ZVcYZgZc=dgicVi^dcVaZgL^Z"
YZg\ZWjgi# L~]gZcY Y^Z >ckZhidgZc 7gjidc jcY :^\ZcgVjX] Ea~"
cZ hX]b^ZYZc! Y^Z 6chiVai ^c gZcY^iZhiVg`Z :^\Zcijbhld]cjc\Zc
jbojlVcYZac!hX]Z^ciY^ZOZ^i^b=Z^bhiZ]Zc\ZWa^ZWZcojhZ^c/
9^Z VaiZghhX]lVX]Zc 7Zld]cZg lZgYZc kdc YZb cVi^dcVa \Zh^cc"
iZc6chiVaihaZ^iZgLŽgch^cZ^cZg:g^ccZgjc\hhX]aZ^[Z\Z]VaiZc#H^Z
hX]lZa\Zc^cCdhiVa\^Z[“gY^Z=^iaZgoZ^i#
9^Z @~be[Z YZg KZg\Vc\Zc]Z^i igZ[[Zc Vj[ YZc @dcÓ^`i ^c YZg <Z"
\ZclVgi#6ai"jcYCZdcVo^h!:l^\\Zhig^\Z!@Ve^iVa^hiZcjcYaZWZcYZ
7dbWZchiZ]Zch^X]^cYZgÒcVaZc:cihX]Z^Yjc\hhX]aVX]i\Z\Zc“"
WZg#9VhO^Za/:cYh^Z\dYZgWZY^c\jc\hadhZ@Ve^ijaVi^dc#
=jbdgkdaajcYjcVj[\ZgZ\i!hX]Z^cWVgZceVhhVci!_dc\a^ZgiBVgXjh
7gVjcb^ihX]lZgZcI]ZbZcl^Z<ZcZgVi^dcZc`dcÓ^`ijcYKZg\Vc"
\Zc]Z^ihWZl~ai^\jc\#
CWhYki8hWkd
&.,&7jaaVn$BdhZa#HiVgiZiZhZ^cZ`“chiaZg"
^hX]Z@Vgg^ZgZ^cYZgaZ\ZcY~gZc7VcY9ZVY
hVabdc^cVl]^iZl^cZhVjXZ#&..*ZghX]^Zc
hZ^cEgdhVWVcYD=A:B#&...jcY'%%%Y^Z
GdbVcZ9:A=>jcYC69>6C6#KZghX]^ZYZcZ
6jhoZ^X]cjc\ZcjcYHi^eZcY^Zc[da\iZc!j#V#
&..(YZcA^iZgVijg";ŽgYZgegZ^hYZgHiVYi
BV^co!&..)IZ^acV]bZVb?jc\"9gVbVi^`Zg"
IgZ[[Zc×>ciZgeaVnÆ^cIdlchk^aaZ!6jhigVa^Zc!
&..,?dhZe]"7gZ^iWVX]"EgZ^h!&...
Hi^eZcY^jbAZY^\=djhZ!CZlNdg`#'%%(
ZghX]^ZcYZgGdbVc=D8=O:>IHKDG7:G:>"
IJC<:C#HZ^cZHi“X`Z7>A9:GKDC
BtCC:GCJC9;G6J:CjcYA:GC7:G>8=I
lZgYZc^cYZgHe^ZaoZ^i%+$%,^cBVcc]Z^b
jcYJabjgVj[\Z[“]gi#
:;KJI9>;EF;H
EdY^jb!'&#&*Ä'(#&*J]g
IeddjW]"+$''$(&&,
@dbW^(
7BC7C$
LZg`hiVii!&*Ä&,J]g
@dbW^)
C7N?#I?D=B;I
C;:;7II9>7JJ;D
LZg`hiVii!&,#(%Ä&.J]g
EdY^jb!&,#(%Ä&.J]g
I;F7H7J?IJ;D
EdY^jb!&.#(%Ä'&J]g
7DJED?KI<;K;H
LZg`hiVii!&.#(%Ä'&J]g
7BC7C$
LZg`hiVii!'&#&*Ä'(#&*J]g
@6GI:CKDGK:G@6J;
I]ZViZg`VhhZ/I]ZViZgJab
=ZgWZgi"kdc"@VgV_Vc"EaVio&!-.%,(Jab
9^ZchiV\W^h;gZ^iV\/&&W^h&.J]g!
HVbhiV\/&%W^h&(J]g
IZaZ[dc%,(&$&+&))))!;Vm%,(&$&+&))++
i]ZViZg`VhhZ 5jab#YZ
?CFH;IIKC
=ZgVjh\ZWZg/I]ZViZgJab!He^ZaoZ^i'%%+$%,q>ciZcYVci6cYgZVhkdcHijYc^ioqAZ^ijc\cZjZ
9G6B6i^`AVghKd\ZaqGZYV`i^dc6c`Z:jaZg!JiZ<gŽWZa!:a^hVWZi]=VbWZg\Zg!9Vc^Za=Z›aZg!
HZWVhi^VcA^co!BZaVc^ZB“aaZg!6cYgZVhH^X]Zahi^Za!7ZgZc^`VHonbVch`^!AVghKd\Za
<ZhiVaijc\7gVjc:c\Zah<ZhiVaijc\!Jabq9gjX`BVgZ^h9gjX`!LZ^›Zc]dgcqIZmicVX]lZ^hZ
?d]VccV@VeiZ^c/6AB6B#!;Za^m7adX]:gWZcI]ZViZgkZgaV\!7Zga^c'%%+06ccZ?ZaZcVHX]jaiZ/
6CIDC>JH;:J:G!(BVh`ZcI]ZViZgkZgaV\!B“cX]Zc'%%+0BVgXjh7gVjc/9:JIH8=:DE:G!
H#;^hX]ZgKZgaV\!;gVc`[jgiVbBV^c'%%+0@Vi]Vg^cVHX]b^Yi/B6M>"H>C<A:H!=ZchX]ZaI]ZViZg"
kZgaV\!7Zga^c'%%+0HdWdHldWdYc^`/B:9:6HH8=6II:C!'%%+0I]dbVh;gZnZg/H:E6G6I>HI:C!
Gdld]ai!GZ^cWZ`'%%+#q7^aYcVX]lZ^hZBVgXjh7gVjc/=Vch<jZciZg8dcioZc0I]dbVh;gZnZg/
Gdld]aiI]ZViZgKZgaV\0?d]VccV@VeiZ^c/;Za^m7adX]:gWZcKZgaV\!HdWdHldWdYc^`/HŽgZcHiVX]Z0
@Vi]Vg^cVHX]b^Yi/eg^kVi06ccZ?ZaZcVHX]jaiZ/eg^kVi#
C;:;7II9>7JJ;D"
P;HIJ{9A;BJ
Hi“X`^c')HoZcZckdcHdWdHldWdYc^`
HV#)#&&#$Hd#*#&&#'%%+!_ZlZ^ah&,#(%J]g!EdY^jb
VchX]a^Z›ZcY6jidgZc\Zheg~X]
[dZb_Y^m[]$[dZb_Y^meWdZ[hi$[dZb_Y^b[X[d$
H^Zig~jbZckdcZ^cZbWZhhZgZcAZWZc!kdcZ^cZbCZjVc[Vc\!^g"
\ZcYld^cYZg\gd›ZcHiVYi/VgWZ^ihadhZ?j\ZcYa^X]Z!Vc[Vc\olVc"
o^\!b^iiZc^cYZgEgdk^co#>gZcZh6aaiV\h^cYY^Z6jhZ^cVcYZghZiojc"
\Zcb^i^]gZgBjiiZg0Y^ZolZ^@^cYZgkdcGdWZgi!YZgh^Za~c\hi[“g
Z^cZVcYZgZ]Vih^ioZcaVhhZc!“WZg[dgYZgch^Z#6ahVj[YZbGjb"
bZaeaVioYZgBVcc[“ghAZWZcVj[iVjX]i!hX]Z^ciY^ZLZail^ZYZg^c
DgYcjc\ Ä YgVj›Zc Vb 7V\\ZghZZ a^Z\i >gZcZ ^]gZb ×Eg^coZc Vj[
YZblZ^›ZcE[ZgYÆ^cYZc6gbZc#9dX]YZg`Vcc@^cYZgc^X]iVjh"
hiZ]Zc#JcYYZg7jh^cY^ZlZ^iZLZai\Z]ihX]dcVbc~X]hiZcBdc"
iV\jboZ]c½
9Vh'%%*ZcihiVcYZcZHi“X`Zgo~]aikdb@Vbe[jbEZgheZ`i^kZc!
YZbi~\a^X]Zc=d[[ZcjcYYZc\gd›ZcHZ]ch“X]iZc#
IeXeImeXeZd_a
&.++6VaZc#HijY^ZgiZB^cZgVad\^ZjcY
VWhdak^ZgiZZ^cZHX]Vjhe^ZaVjhW^aYjc\!
VgWZ^iZiZVahGjcY[jc`gZYV`iZjgjcY
GZ\^hhZjg#&..,ZghX]^ZchZ^cZghiZh@^cYZg"
WjX]HEJG>CH7A6J:#HZ^iYZb]ViZg
bZ]gZgZ:go~]ajc\ZcjcYGdbVcZkZg"
Ž[[Zcia^X]i!YVgjciZg6AIyII>C<!&...b^i
YZbA^iZgVijgegZ^hYZhB“cX]ZcZgI]ZViZgh
^bHX]aVX]i]d[Vjh\ZoZ^X]cZi!D@ID7:G"
;:HIj#V##6j›ZgYZb;6AA:GH=:A9!Z^cZ
7^d\gVe]^ZYZh=^iaZgViiZci~iZgh<Zdg\
:ahZg!jcYY^ZHi“X`ZÖ9JC@:A!<:CDHH:!
>HI9:GL:AIG6JB!H:=G9JC@:AÈ!ÖHDAD
KDCAJ8@:CL6A9:7>HH8=JHH:CG>:9È
jcYÖA6C9A>:7:#:>CH#OL:>#È'%%*IZ^a"
cV]bZVb6jidgZc"Ldg`h]deYZh7Zga^cZg
I]ZViZgigZ[[Zch#
7DJED?KI<;K;H
Hi“X`kdc6ccZ?ZaZcVHX]jaiZ
HV#)#&&#$Hd#*#&&#'%%+!_ZlZ^ah&.#(%J]g!LZg`hiVii
VchX]a^Z›ZcY6jidgZc\Zheg~X]
M[ddZWi=[jh[_Z[]Whpk”ff_]Xb”^j[kdZZWiMe^b#
ijWdZi\b[_iY^hei_]"mWhckdZm[_Y^]Wdp[:h\[hpk
[hij_Ya[dZhe^j["ZWddiY^_Yaj[Z[hb_ij_][7djed_ki
[_d_][d7ki[hm^bj[d[_d^[bbb[kY^j[dZ[i<[k[h"Z[d
MW^di_dd$
?dVX]^b HX]lV]g! ×eVgVcd^YZ <gjcY]Vaijc\! HiŽgjc\ YZh ad\^"
hX]Zc 9Zc`Zch! CZ^\jc\ oj VcVanh^ZgZcYZb <g“WZac! LV]chi^b"
bjc\!6cig^ZWhb^cYZgjc\Æ!`dbbiVjhYZb<Z[~c\c^hcVX]LZhi"
WZga^cjcYl^aaVj[YZgVcYZgZcHZ^iZYZgBVjZgcdX]Z^cbVahZ^c
<a“X` kZghjX]Zc# ;“g hZ^cZ B^ibZchX]Zc VWZg ^hi `aVg/ hZ^cZ 6g"
WZ^i^hic^X]ihlZgijcYhZ^cZ7gVjiAj^hZigZ^WiZg^cYZcLV]ch^cc
ÄY^ZhZ7Vo^aaZbj›bVcadhlZgYZc#9dX]?dVX]^bjcYAj^hZZci"
l^X`Zac^c\ZcVjY^ZhZbOjhiVcYZ^cZKZgW^cYjc\kdc]ŽX]hiZg>c"
iZch^i~ijcYbnhi^hX]Zg@gV[i½
6jh YZg [gV\bZciVg^hX]Zc <Z\Zc“WZghiZaajc\ kdc kZgg~ihZaiZc!
bVcX]bVa hX]lZWZcYZc 7^aYZgc jcY hVX]a^X]Zc 7Z]ŽgYZcegdid"
`daaZc Zcil^X`Zai 6ccZ ?ZaZcV HX]jaiZ Z^cZ YZjihX]"YZjihX]Z 7^"
d\gVe]^Z! ^c YZg Y^Z <gZcoZc ol^hX]Zc \Z^hi^\Zg <ZhjcY]Z^i jcY
egde]Zi^hX]Zb>ggh^cc!e]^adhde]^hX]Zg6h`ZhZjcYeVi]dad\^hX]Zg
KZglV]gadhjc\kZghX]l^bbZc#
7dd[@[b[dWIY^kbj[
&.,+7Zga^c#6Whdak^ZgiZYZcHijY^Zc\Vc\
HoZc^hX]ZhHX]gZ^WZcVcYZgJc^kZgh^i~i
YZg@“chiZ!7Zga^c#6chX]a^Z›ZcY6jidgZchi^"
eZcY^jbVbHiVVihhX]Vjhe^Za9gZhYZc#>]g
ZghiZhHi“X`@6B6@DB6ljgYZVahhoZ"
c^hX]ZAZhjc\VbHiVVihhX]Vjhe^Za9gZhYZc!
WZ^bLdX]ZcZcYZYZg×_jc\Zc9gVbVi^`ZgÆ
VcYZcB“cX]ZcZg@VbbZghe^ZaZcjcYVb
HX]Vjhe^Za]Vjh=VbWjg\kdg\ZhiZaai#'%%*
cV]bh^ZVc×>ciZgeaVn:jgdeZÆ!Z^cZb
;Zhi^kVa_jc\Zg6jidgZc^cJc\Vgc!iZ^a#
6CIDC>JH;:J:Ga^Z['%%*Vah=Žghe^Za^b
C9G#'%%+ljgYZ^]gcZjZhiZhHi“X`
I=:BGD8@VcYZgKda`hW“]cZVbGdhV"
AjmZcWjg\"EaVio^c7Zga^cjgVj[\Z[“]gi#
OjgoZ^ihX]gZ^Wih^ZlŽX]Zcia^X]×CVX]gj[ZÆ
Vj[JcWZ`VcciZ^b7Zga^cZgIV\Zhhe^Z\Za#
C7N?#I?D=B;I
I;F7H7J?IJ;D
Hi“X`kdc@Vi]Vg^cVHX]b^Yi
HV#)#$Hd#*#&&#'%%+!_ZlZ^ah&,#(%J]g!LZg`hiVii
VchX]a^Z›ZcY6jidgZc\Zheg~X]
Hi“X`kdcI]dbVh;gZnZg
HV#)#&&#$Hd#*#&&#'%%+!_ZlZ^ah&.#(%J]g!EdY^jb
VchX]a^Z›ZcY6jidgZc\Zheg~X]
Jec0M_hX[_Z[Z”h\[dd_[cWbi^[_hWj[d$
@WdW0M_bbijZkc_Y^^[_hWj[d5
Jec0AbWh$
?VcV ]Vi Z^cZc cZjZc B^iWZld]cZg/ Idb# 7Z^YZ h^cY “WZgoZj\iZ
H^c\aZh# =ZYdc^hbjh ejg! aVjiZi ^]g AZWZchbdiid# :^c 7ZhjX] ^b
8]^cV"GZhiVjgVcijcYolZ^<a“X`h`Z`hZZcYZc^cZ^cZg6gihedgi"
a^X]Zb LZiihigZ^i/ LZg `g^Z\i Y^Z bZ^hiZc ^ch 7Zii4 B^i Vjh\Z[Z^a"
iZcIV`i^`ZcWZlZ^hZch^X]?VcVjcYIdb\Z\ZchZ^i^\^]gZBZ^hiZg"
hX]V[i ^b 6WhX]aZeeZc# 9dX] Y^Z AVc\ZlZ^aZ cVX] YZb hX]cZaaZc
hZmjZaaZc:g[da\a~›ic^X]iaVc\Vj[h^X]lVgiZc#CZjZ=ZgVjh[dg"
YZgjc\Zc b“hhZc ]Zg# 6aaZ LVgcjc\Zc jcY KdgWdiZc YZh Jc]Z^ah
^cYZcL^cYhX]aV\ZcY!\gZ^[ZcY^ZWZ^YZcojbtj›ZghiZc/:hl^gY
\Z]Z^gViZi
×BVm^"H^c\aZhÆ ^hi Z^cZ W^hh^\Z jcY iZbedgZ^X]Z 7Zo^Z]jc\h" jcY
HZm`dbŽY^Z!Z^c×]Z[i^\Zg6jhÓj\ojgAjhiÆBVcc]Z^bZgBdg\Zc#
>ced^ci^ZgiZc9^Vad\ZcoZ^X]cZi@Vi]Vg^cVHX]b^YiolZ^Yd\bVi^"
hX]ZH^c\aZhjcYkZgadgZcZH^cchjX]Zg!olZ^hnbeVi]^hX]Z:\dbV"
cZc!He^ZaZgYZgZ^\ZcZcAjhi#
7Zo^Z]jc\!:]Z!GZa^\^dch^cY[“gY^ZWZ^YZc`Z^cZBdYZaaZYZgH^cc"
hi^[ijc\bZ]g!c^X]ih!lVhY^ZAZZgZYZhAZWZchVj[[“aaZc`ŽcciZ#
CjgcdX]Z^cZlZ^iZgZHiVi^dcVj[YZgHjX]ZcVX]YZbjai^bVi^kZc
@^X`#>ccZ]VaiZc!<gZcoZcV`oZei^ZgZc/VaaZY^ZhZ9^c\Zhe^ZaZc`Z^"
cZ GdaaZ bZ]g! lZcc Zh YVgjb \Z]i! h^X] hi~cY^\ hZaWhi oj “WZg"
]daZc Vj[ Z^cZb gVhi" jcY o^ZaadhZc LZ\ Ä kdgWZ^ Vc [gjhig^ZgiZc
7^Wa^di]Z`Vg^ccZc! kZgjch^X]ZgiZc 8]g^hiZc jcY HeZZYYVi^c\"KZg"
VchiVaijc\Zc#Cdi[VaahVjX]d]cZG^c\Òc\Zg½
AWj^Wh_dWIY^c_Zj
&.-%7VYHdYZc$IVjcjh#B^i\a^ZYYZg
?j\ZcY"CVi^dcVabVcchX]V[i^bHncX]gdc"
hX]l^bbZc#HijY^ZgiZkdc'%%'W^h'%%+
HoZc^hX]ZhHX]gZ^WZcVcYZgJc^kZgh^i~iYZg
@“chiZ!7Zga^c#HX]gZ^Wldg`h]deVbGdnVa
8djgiI]ZVigZ^cAdcYdc#B6M>"H>C<A:H^hi
cVX]9G>CC:C^]golZ^iZhHi“X`#:hljgYZ
'%%+Vj[YZb=Z^YZaWZg\ZgHi“X`ZbVg`i
kdg\ZhiZaaijcYZg]^ZaiYZc6jidgZcegZ^h#
JgVj[[“]gjc\^bD`idWZg'%%+^c=Z^YZaWZg\#
CZWZcI]ZViZghi“X`ZckZg[V›i@Vi]Vg^cV
HX]b^YiHdc\iZmiZ[“g@^cYZgÒabZ#
:kX_ij[_d[]Wdp[8WdZ[$?d`[Z[cFeb_p[_fhejeaebb$
:k^Wijd[kdAf\[kdZpm[_=[i_Y^j[h$
?Y^m”hZie][hdZ[_dpm[_j[i=[i_Y^ji[^[d$
9VhK^ZgiZa^hiYVhOZcigjb#=^Zg]Zg`Z]giG^`Zojg“X`#=^ZgWZdW"
VX]iZih^ZkdcYZc9~X]ZgcVjhY^ZCVX]WVghX]V[i#=^Zg^hiZhVjX]!
ld h^X] ?d]Vc Ä “WZgh~ii^\i kdc YZg Zl^\ \aZ^X]Zc =Z^bVi Ä Zci"
hX]a^Z›i!hZ^cZJide^Z[“gZ^cWZhhZgZhAZWZc^cY^ZIVijbojhZioZc/
×>X]]VWEa~cZ#6aaZhVjh\ZVgWZ^iZi#6j[\ZhX]g^ZWZc#?ZYZh9ZiV^a#
9^Z KZghdg\jc\# 9^Z HZaWhikZglVaijc\# L^g WVjZc Z^cZc OVjc# ½
LZcc YZg OVjc hiZ]i! hegZc\Zc l^g YVh @VjÓVcY# 9^Z HX]aZX`Zg"
b~g`iZ#:YZ`V½7ZoV]ajc\WZ`dbbic^ZbVcY#BVcVgWZ^iZi#7Z"
`dbbi hZ^c :hhZc# 6gWZ^i \^Wi Zh c^X]i bZ]g cVX] HijcYZc# Cjg
cdX]cVX]6gWZ^i#½L^g`Vj[Zcc^X]ih#KdcYVYgVj›Zc#L^g\ZWZc
c^X]ihkdcjch#@Z^c=VcYZa#@Z^c<ZaY#@Z^cLdgi#ÆEaŽioa^X]^hiAZ"
WZc^bK^ZgiZa!Y^ZBZchX]Zc]VWZcl^ZYZgZ^cO^Za#6c^iV!Y^Z7adc"
YZkdb:YZ`V#<“ciZgkdbHdccZcZX`#6aZm!YZg!kdc6aiZgcVi^kZc
“WZg[dgYZgi!^cYZgHVWdiV\ZZ^cZcH^ccjcY^cG^`ZZ^cZA^ZWZÒcYZi#
I]dbVh;gZnZgZcil^g[iYZc6j[hiVcY^chZ^cZg\VcoZcAZWZchZc"
Zg\^ZjcYoZ^\i\aZ^X]oZ^i^\Y^ZJghVX]Zc[“gYZhhZcHX]Z^iZgc#L^Z
Vjh YZb OZghiŽgZc Z^c 7ZaZWZc! Vjh YZb 6W\gZcoZc Z^c 7Z[gZ^Zc
jcYl^ZHZ]Zcojg7a^cY]Z^il^gY!Zgo~]aih^X]^cYZg<ZhX]^X]iZZ^"
cZhjcWZ`VcciZcHiVYik^ZgiZah#<Zheg~X]h"jcY:g^ccZgjc\h[ZioZc
YZg ;^\jgZc bdci^Zgi ;gZnZg oj Z^cZb Y^Vad\^hX]Zc ;aj›# :^c KZg"
hjX] “WZg 7Z\^cc jcY KZgaVj[ Z^cZg ]ZgbZi^hX]Zc GZkdaji^dc! Y^Z
Y^Z;gV\ZcVX]YZcVaiZcjcYcZjZcJide^ZchiZaai#
J^ecWi<h[o[h
&.-&<ZgV#HijY^ZgiZkdc'%%'W^h'%%+
HoZc^hX]ZhHX]gZ^WZcVcYZgJc^kZgh^i~iYZg
@“chiZ!7Zga^c#HZ^cHi“X`6BD@A6J;B:>C
@>C9:GHE>:AljgYZ'%%*kdbG77Vah
=Žghe^ZaegdYjo^Zgi!Zg]^Zai'%%+WZ^b
7Zga^cZgI]ZViZgigZ[[ZcYZc;ŽgYZgegZ^h[“g
cZjZ9gVbVi^`jcYljgYZVb9ZjihX]Zc
CVi^dcVai]ZViZgLZ^bVgjgVj[\Z[“]gi#C68=
7:GA>CljgYZ'%%*ojbI]ZViZgigZ[[ZcYZg
?j\ZcYZ^c\ZaVYZc#'%%+9gVbVi^`Zg"EgZ^h
YZh@jaijg`gZ^hZhYZgYZjihX]ZcL^gihX]V[i
^b79>jcYZ^cHi“X`Vj[igV\^cZc\Zg
@ddeZgVi^dcb^iYZbHX]Vjhe^Za]Vjh
=VccdkZg#